1 0 obj PDF | On Oct 10, 2017, Alaa Sayed Abou-Elhamd published Histology | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. This page describes skeletal muscle histology which can identify cross-striational structure and /or properties related to contractile speed and fatigue. This study demonstrates that the locomotor muscles of cheetahs are poised for anaerobically based exercise. endobj 0000012738 00000 n startxref An osteon is a long, cylindrical structure with a central channel called a Haversian canal. 0000018108 00000 n h�b```b``����� 5�A���b�,{�������eX�{�zs�2Nu(��(��I Instead, the lacunae are found in the loosely arranged bone spikes called trabeculae. A transverse cross section of a long bone shows a typical arrangement of lacunae in concentric circles around a central Haversian canal. spongy bone (cancellous bone, trabecular bone). x��VMO�@�[��[mT�����܊����E��!%��*�� B�{f�b�D)�Z���}3�f6wa`&�f�J=�2h-Ty�8�y��:���G"T�0 P�G`�Ա��m((��)~F�����e�h���U��1� ��0�`��g���$vh��\����l^��/1{�өEr[�}��M��,�c�s���t���R�F����Mh��d|��m��W={��Ӳ�m��h}��T��d�E�3�DN��Ά��E�pޕ�A����o�v���H�����E¥ֵE�n����,j>e���0�@���N����YMZt�Щ���%�����:(�o�7R�|�}+�^M���+>�'��}�����Ae;����%��bjVYxn�yr�'ф%�W�p�J�/(j�k�{��l��`.�����h�4��g7��g-*���:�~]�Z�r����Y��'BN�����C���v����b뻡 �>y ]�_���^:��|�?����9��G�����Ky�fe����>���A�7m%�0G�{xݭ���*�3�l���)��\�ڿ�#,Xd�~_F���鼀�j�2d����%����%�Ţ����h���BP�rq2/E���&����)����\����Z����a�x�+��9rڠq5������Wc���MN>���S����� ���� MNAMS., Deposition of bone occurs in concentric circles around the Haversian canal and is limited by the availability of nutrients. These muscle fibres are surrounded by blood vessels and a number of layers of other tissues enclosing it.
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0000079214 00000 n 0000003145 00000 n Because the perimysium and epimysium are connective tissues, they do have some cells – – especially fibroblasts and adipocytes – – spread between the collagen fibers. Sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of a muscle cell, contains high amounts of myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein, and calcium ions, which regulate muscle contraction. Large, hypertrophic fibers (arrows) are adjacent to longitudinally split muscle fibers These chondrocytes do not participate in bone growth but secure the epiphyseal plate to the bone tissue of the epiphysis. Muscle is classified into three types according to their structure and function: Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle are short branching fibers, have a single, centrally located nucleus, show the same striations as skeletal muscle, and are under involuntary control.
0000218211 00000 n Epiphyseal plate and longitudinal bone growth, deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow, growing portions of bone, by the periosteum and endosteum, bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone. This is even more apparent in transverse cross sections of the skeletal muscle where nuclei are visible as small purple dots located on the periphery of the dark pink-stained muscle fibers. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone, comprising the shafts of long bones, and spongy bone, which fills the ends of long bones. 0000218399 00000 n
Trapped osteoblasts mature into osteocytes, slowing their metabolic processes and collagen production.
�NJ�\%�����=88��� ;j@��j5�6���q�AT� +�x�9�3�P���؈x���$W�. The centrally placed, ovoid nuclei of cardiac muscle cells are surrounded by a ring of lightly pink cytoplasm, making their central location even more noticeable, both on the longitudinal and transverse sections. 2 0 obj 0000207111 00000 n The periosteum covers the entire outer surface of the bone except where the epiphyses touch other bones to form joints. The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis, which is made from a thin layer of compact bone and filled with spongy bone. - 109.95.152.138. 0000000016 00000 n trailer <>
Osteocytes are located in lacunae and fully surrounded by bone matrix. The longitudinal growth of bone is a result of cellular division in the proliferative zone and the maturation of cells in the zone of maturation and hypertrophy.
2 SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY Dystrophic skeletal muscle pathology can be easily assessed on haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained transverse muscle sections. 0000003966 00000 n
They are very long because they always reach from tendon to tendon, and, for muscles like the quadriceps in the legs, that can mean a length of two feet, in tall individuals! Because they are long and narrow, they are often called muscle fibers, or myofibers. 11 0 obj %%EOF Skeletal muscle histology and biochemistry of an elite sprinter, the African cheetah. Bone is a dense connective tissue that has calcified extracellular matrix, making bone a rigid and strong tissue with the ability to disperse tensile forces along the longitudinal axis of a bone, but not from the side. 0000004599 00000 n Fiber type composition, mitochondrial content and glycolytic enzyme capacities in the locomotor muscles of these sprinting cats are at the extreme range of values for other sprinters bred or trained for this activity including greyhounds, thoroughbred horses and elite human athletes. Attached to the outside of the sarcolemma and surrounding each muscle cell is a basal lamina, the endomysium, made of a network of thin collagen fibers. 0000017145 00000 n %���� 0000034594 00000 n J Comp Physiol B 167, 527–535 (1997). 0000062280 00000 n
endobj an osteoblast and an osteoprogenitor cell? Fig. Each muscle fibre is lined by plasma membrane namely sarcolemma reticulum.
Sarcolemma, the cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm . Muscle Tissue Department Of General Histology 2. <<166E28D5B3D52F409137F799C74DEA34>]/Prev 964283/XRefStm 1971>> Smooth muscles are in the walls of the hollow organs of the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory systems. The cells account for about 2% of the bone mass. 0000006298 00000 n 0000015224 00000 n Osteons are the microscopic structural units of compact bone. It makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate. 0000005657 00000 n
0000050214 00000 n ���� JFIF ` ` �� C 0000036067 00000 n <> 0000061463 00000 n 0000003787 00000 n Most bones contain both compact and spongy bone tissue, but their concentration varies across different bones. H�\��n�@���sL3݉��{#��?Z�> �������) Based on the differences in the shape of muscle cells and the arrangement of myofilaments, muscles are classified as one of the three types: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles.
0000008502 00000 n What is the difference between a myofiber and a myofilament? 0 9 0 obj These nuclei are smaller and darker than those of muscle cells and are clearly located within the connective tissue, rather than being directly pressed against the myofibers. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of compact bone. Skeletal muscle is a malleable and dynamic tissue capable of a high degree of plasticity in regards to its histological confi guration. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. 0000059414 00000 n 0000059683 00000 n Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is also striated; however, cardiac muscle cells are smaller and shorter with a single, centrally located nucleus. <> Skeletal muscle fiber 1. Osteoblasts themselves become osteocytes, once surrounded by the bony matrix they secrete. The striations are the result of the precise arrangement of actin and myosin into repeating units called sarcomeres that create a characteristic pattern of transverse bands. g wet wt−1, respectively, and indicated a high capacity for glycolysis. endobj The more mature cells are situated closer to the diaphyseal end of the plate.
endstream endobj 536 0 obj <> endobj 537 0 obj <> endobj 538 0 obj <>stream �� � w !1AQaq"2�B���� #3R�br� Once osteoblasts are trapped by their own secretions, they mature into osteocytes, and the next generation of osteoblasts starts depositing the next layer. The regular organisation of filament structures within th… 0 At these sites, new osteoblasts are replenished via the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells on the bone surface. endobj
The proliferative zone is the next layer toward the diaphysis and contains stacks of slightly larger chondrocytes. Development of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle can be found in other notes. ���� i�jl��@� stream 13 0 obj <> 0000002160 00000 n During bone formation, the matrix calcifies around these extensions and forms tiny canals between lacunae called canaliculi.
Within this connective tissue, called the perimysium, is a rich network of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves that are responsible for bringing nutrients, respiratory gases, and the electrical impulses that initiate muscle contractions. In longitudinal sections, nuclei appear in rows alongside the cylindrical cells. 0000005342 00000 n Low levels of collagen make for brittle bones; low levels of hydroxyapatite result in bones that are weak and easily bendable. Because the sarcoplasm is filled with myofilaments, the nuclei are pushed to the periphery of the cell, just under the sarcolemma, and seem flattened. Microfilaments and associated proteins together generate the … 341 33 0000206868 00000 n 0000049956 00000 n 10 0 obj Most of the chondrocytes in the zone of calcified matrix, the zone closest to the diaphysis, are dead because the matrix around them has calcified. Each epiphysis meets the diaphysis at the metaphysis, the narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing bone. Construct a table describing the major histological differences and similarities between the three types of muscle tissue. endstream
Osteoblasts, that deposit the bone, osteocytes that maintain it, and osteoclasts that resorb the bone to make space for new bone formation. It is a layer of hyaline cartilage where ossification occurs in immature bones.