The ultimate origin is Latin caulis 'cabbage'.[2]. Not logged in [11] Kai-lan or Chinese kale is a cultivar often used in Chinese cuisine. Kale is a good source (10–19% DV) of thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin E and several dietary minerals, including iron, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus (see table "Kale, raw"). [16] As with broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, kale contains glucosinolate compounds, such as glucoraphanin, which contributes to the formation of sulforaphane,[17] a compound under preliminary research for its potential to affect human health. Agriculture handbook 114. In Scotland, kale provided such a base for a traditional diet that the word in some Scots dialects is synonymous with food. Wild B. oleracea is a tall biennial plant that forms a stout rosette of large leaves in the first year. A story is told in which a neighbouring village offered to pay a generous price for some kale seeds, an offer too good to turn down. Physiol Plant 15:473–497, Nakanishi T, Hinata K (1973) An effective time for C0, Nakanishi T, Hinata K (1975) Self-seed production by C0, Nakanishi T, Esashi J, Hinata K (1969) Control of self-incompatibility by C0, Nissen P (1985) Dose responses of auxins. Best quality is produced where summers are cool or when it is grown into the fall or winter. In its second year, it uses the stored nutrients to produce a flower spike 1 to 2 metres (3–7 ft) tall with numerous yellow flowers. Screening and identification of major phytochemical compounds in seeds, sprouts and leaves of Tuscan black kale Brassica oleracea (L.) ssp acephala (DC) var. [3] Records in 14th-century England distinguish between hard-heading cabbage and loose-leaf kale. Although they may appear like different types of plants, the cruciferous vegetables broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, collard greens, gai lan, and savoy are all cultivars of wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. [1], Kale originates from Northern Middle English cale (compare Scots kail) for various cabbages. [24], In Northern Germany, there is a winter tradition known as "Kohlfahrt" ("kale trip"), where a group of people will go on a hike through the woods during the day before gathering at an inn where kale is served, usually with bacon and Kohlwurst ("kale sausage"). Planta 149:112–117, Glimelius K (1984) High growth rate and regeneration capacity of hypocotyl protoplasts in some Brassicaceae. oleracea). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210772. [17], Three variants in the TAS2R38 gene – rs713598, rs1726866, and rs10246939 – are in high linkage disequilibrium in most populations and result in amino acid coding changes that lead to a range of bitter taste perception phenotypes. It is not well adapted to hot weather. [6] The vegetable was easy to grow and provided important nutrients missing from a diet because of rationing. [18], Boiling kale decreases the level of glucosinate compounds, whereas steaming, microwaving or stir frying does not cause significant loss. The aim of this work was to assess the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of kale variety Winterbor F (1) and investigation of cooking process on selected characteristics. Exp Cell Res 50:151–158, Gatenby AA, Cocking EC (1977) Callus formation from protoplasts of marrow stem kale. Keywords: Kale is a good source (10–19% DV) of thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin E and several dietary minerals, including iron, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus (see table "Kale, raw"). Download preview PDF. [5], During World War II, the cultivation of kale (and other vegetables) in the U.K. was encouraged by the Dig for Victory campaign. Biochim Biophys Acta 412:335–349, Walker JC, Larson RH, Taylor AC (1958) Diseases of cabbage and related plants. 2019 Feb 19;11(2):429. doi: 10.3390/nu11020429. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. [3] Curly-leaved varieties of cabbage already existed along with flat-leaved varieties in Greece in the 4th century BC. Kale is a source of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin (tables). HHS Alef. By selecting for fatter stems, the variant plant known as, European preference emerged for eating immature buds, selection for, Further selection in Belgium in lateral bud led to, This page was last edited on 7 October 2020, at 19:27. Because kale can grow well into winter, one variety of rape kale is called "hungry gap" after the period in winter in traditional agriculture when little else could be harvested. One may differentiate between kale varieties according to the low, intermediate, or high length of the stem, along with the variety of leaf types. Genetic analysis of nine wild populations on the French Atlantic coast indicated their common feral origin, deriving from plants escaped from fields and gardens.[3]. Lustinec J, Kaminek M, Benes K, Conrad K (1981 a) Hormone-like effect of vascular tissue on starch accumulation in stem explants of kale, Lustinec J, Kaminek M, Kramell H, Sembdner G (1984b) Hormone-like effects of vascular tissue on development of stem explants of kale. Kale is a source of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin (tables). Annu Rep Welsh Plant Breed Stn, pp 158–174, Keller WA, Armstrong KC (1977) Embryogenesis and plant regeneration in, Keller WA, Armstrong KC (1978) High frequency production of microspore-derived plants from, Keller WA, Armstrong KC (1979) Stimulation of embryogenesis and haploid production in, Keller WA, Armstrong KC (1981) Production of anther-derived dihaploid plants in autotetraploid marrowstem kale, Kutik J, Benes K (1979) Structural aspects of the regulation of starch accumulation in stem pith ex-plants of kale. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague (in press), Lustinec J, Kaminek K, Privratsky J (1972) Increase in dry weight and protein content in, Lustinec J, Hadacovä V, Kaminek M (1974) The effect of various cytokinins and auxins on starch formation in kale and tobacco explants. Antiproliferative effects of fresh and thermal processed green and red cultivars of curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. | Bumpy-leaf (black cabbage, better known by its Italian translation 'cavolo nero', and also known as Tuscan Cabbage, Tuscan Kale, Plain-leaf (flat-leaf types like red Russian and white Russian kale), Leaf and spear, or feathery-type leaf (a cross between curly- and plain-leaf), Ornamental (less palatable and tougher leaves), This page was last edited on 4 November 2020, at 04:51. [8] It is hardy and thrives in wintertime,[8] and can survive in temperatures as low as –15° Celsius. Photo credit: Alex Stone, Oregon State University Kale is a cold-hardy crop producing "greens" high in nutritive value. 2018 Jul;32(14):1617-1626. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1392953. Its specific epithet oleracea means "vegetable/herbal" in Latin and is a form of holeraceus (oleraceus).[4][5]. Der Grünkohl, Braunkohl oder Krauskohl (Brassica oleracea var. Each variety is represented by a range of cultivars and there also exist many intervarietal forms. [6] The vegetable was easy to grow and provided important nutrients missing from a diet because of rationing. Page 1 of 3. The first three varieties belong to the convariety acephala (DC.) According to the Triangle of U theory, B. oleracea is very closely related to five other species of the genus Brassica. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Euphytica 13:173–177, Volger HG, Heber U (1975) Cryoprotective leaf proteins. II--crops, "Is Ornamental Kale Edible? Thus, bitter taste perception may affect dietary behaviors by influencing both taste preferences and metabolic hormonal regulation. Jersey kale Photo. Kale—Brassica oleracea L. (Acephala group) 1. 2018 Dec 18;9:1859. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01859. Goji Who? In Ireland, kale is mixed with mashed potatoes to make the traditional dish colcannon. [1] The name literally means "without a head" in contrast to those varieties known as capitata or "with a head". COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Somewhere around the first century AD emerged the phenotype variation of, Phenotype selection preferences in Germany resulted in a new variation from the kale cultivar. 2019 Jun 6;8(6):155. doi: 10.3390/plants8060155. Get the latest research from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus. [22], Flavored "kale chips" have been produced as a potato chip substitute. An extra-tall variety is known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage. USDA, Washington, DC, Xu ZH, Davey MR, Cocking EC (1982) Plant regeneration from root protoplasts of, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73520-2_30, Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. [7], Kale is usually an annual plant grown from seed with a wide range of germination temperatures. Kale plants have green or purple leaves, and the central leaves do not form a head (as with headed cabbage). J Sei Food Agric 35:977–981, Chiang MS, Frechette S, Kuo CG, Chong C, Delafield SJ (1985) Embryogenesis and haploid plant production from anther culture of cabbage, Clare MV, Collin HA (1974) The production of plantlets from tissue cultures of Brussels sprout, Dietert MF, Barron SA, Yoder OC (1982) Effects of genotype on in vitro culture in the genus, Dunwell JM (1981) In vitro regeneration from excised leaf discs of three, Dunwell JM, Thurling N (1985) Role of sucrose in microspore embryo production in, Elmsheuser HA, Forche E, Neumann K-H (1978a) Investigations on the isolation of protoplasts of different, Elmsheuser HA, Lein C, Neumann KH (1978b) Untersuchungen über Beziehungen zwischen Hormongehalt und Wachstumsleistung von Explantaten verschiedener, Elmsheuser HA, Neumann K-H, Schuster W (1978c) Untersuchungen zur Wirkung verschiedener Vitamine und einiger Wuchsstoffe auf das Wachstum und die Entwicklung von Gewebekulturen einiger, Eurostat (ed) (1984) Yearbook of agricultural statistics. Morphological and DNA Based Authentication of a "Superfood". In, "America's First "Food Spy" Traveled the World Hunting for Exotic Crops", "Meet the Man Who Found, Finagled, and Ferried Home the Foods We Eat Today", "Land army: Alan Titchmarsh on how gardening became essential for survival during wartime", Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: Vol. [18], Boiling kale decreases the level of glucosinate compounds, whereas steaming, microwaving or stir frying does not cause significant loss. [17][18], "Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis", "The extraordinary diversity of Brassica oleracea", "Vegetables - University of Saskatchewan", "TAS2R38 predisposition to bitter taste associated with differential changes in vegetable intake in response to a community-based dietary intervention", Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, "Genetic, Functional, and Phenotypic Diversity in TAS2R38-Mediated Bitter Taste Perception", "Rare haplotypes of the gene TAS2R38 confer bitter taste sensitivity in humans", "The Molecular Basis of Individual Differences in Phenylthiocarbamide and Propylthiouracil Bitterness Perception", "TAS2R38 Predisposition to Bitter Taste Associated with Differential Changes in Vegetable Intake in Response to a Community-Based Dietary Intervention", "Vegetable Intake in College-Aged Adults Is Explained by Oral Sensory Phenotypes and TAS2R38 Genotype", "Variability in Human Bitter Taste Sensitivity to Chemically Diverse Compounds Can Be Accounted for by Differential TAS2R Activation", "Sensitivity of genome-wide-association signals to phenotyping strategy: the PROP-TAS2R38 taste association as a benchmark", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brassica_oleracea&oldid=982378002#Cultivars, Articles with dead external links from July 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.