federation and confederation pdf

x�+T0T0 B��fd�� S� Should the European Parliament assume a meaningful policy making role? endobj A federation is a unified state comprising at least two federal units (states, republics, cantons, or Län-der). The two are distinguished as follows. endobj endstream "1#34502A�� J#� ��A/��ڽ�w��]�W�v^K�Q��S�S��DT2ʍ�� >> endobj <> The federation was an economic success, at least at the start, and there was an investment in a few expensive engineering projects, such as the Kariba hydro-electric dam on the Zambezi. ��+HH��zx��$�w��B%}D�� 4�i��\�T�0��c��/\�(�`Q�F�٨B���GeDR��7|uD�� ¯Ń x�+T0T0 B��f�� N� /Subtype /Form endobj endobj stream 0000001500 00000 n stream >> The final chapter also presents a definitive assessment of federal theory. <> The Federation of States needs to be assembled first, so that certain of its powers can be delegated to the Confederation of States, which is needed to restore the Federal United States. >> �26S031�36RI�r � >> <> >> ��bxJ&2�M�>b�� `N�c`g÷"��h%�(��qJ}�0y��T��K��^��7��ݹ�K��,��8�.v�y��K��T�ثL� �M�� J��,�'�d^�^3�R��3�Uz#��Sڋ �?R�'V�jD��jD��X�X��Xs$$O)��l��4��#k��p&"}��1�0 R[a1�ԸG��7��z�؊�{ �Ȝ�y��J�Z7�Z��]��;�^�� ;��U��ǅxv�� Y��#8I�:Yk�T#6�z��\5�Dt�#8��ɑti��Uo",j�}�P��ڣX��,��B��*�8z��5Q`�,��I�� .��2�q��EᜥQ��?�$q��I��_�n��Y��ݺ;e�2��7,��ֹ�y��lA&݀nB��\6��κ>�.��y��[�㢇SS�z��?渥��r�j#�>�U�8O]�qx��,��0JA��C?D 32 0 obj >> endobj endstream endstream /Subtype /Form x�+T0T0 B��f�� N)� >> endobj endstream <> <> The six unitary states are now five states (East Germany has reunited with the Federal Republic), while the three federal states -- Yugoslavia, the USSR, and Czechoslovakia -- are now 22 independent states. /MediaBox [0 0 476.22 680.32] stream 2, No. Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC): Common Policies of Member Countries and Pol... Notions of A Priori Voting Power: Critique of Holler and Widgrén, Potency of the common: Intercultural perspectives about community and individuality. x�+T0T0 B��fh�� S� >> 7 0 obj endobj Unfortunately, some of the most influential works in political science today offer incomplete or insufficiently broad definitions... Few dispute that one of the most pressing issues for the future of Europe is the question of constitutional design. /MediaBox [0 0 476.22 680.32] Indonesia should at least consider what I call a federacy to deal with special jurisdictions like Aceh or Irian Jaya. <> These are critical remarks on Holler and Widgrén (1999) and in particular on Holler's Public Good Index. In addition further checks on central power should be provided through a carefully coded constitution which could only be amended via popular approval in member states. 67 0 obj <> /Subtype /Form endobj <> �*T0T0 B��f�� H And in all cases intergovernmental fiscal relations have been central to the debate. endobj >> /Subtype /Form 0000000859 00000 n /BBox [0 0 476.22 680.32] stream Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model, Designing Europe—Comparative Lessons From the Federal Experience, The Allocation of the US Federal Budget to the States: Evidence on the Power of the Purse. Leicester University Press, 1981. endobj endobj x�+T0T0 B��f�� N � Yet in spite of these potential problems, federal rather than unitary states are the form most often associated with multinational democracies. /BBox [0 0 476.22 680.32] endobj Some nations which started out as confederations retained the word in their titles after officially becoming federations, such as Switzerland. >> 22 October 2020 The political system that emerged from the world's first great democratic experiment is unique - no other well-established democracy has copied it. 45 0 obj endobj >> This risk is especially grave when elections are introduced in the subunits of a formerly nondemocratic federal polity prior to democratic countrywide elections and in the absence of democratic countrywide parties. 24 0 obj stream 44 0 obj In a Confederation, the federal government is. stream endobj stream x�+T0T0 B��fh�� S� x�+T0T0 B��f�� N)� endstream Diffen.com. We …nally discuss our results with respect to the previous literature on NIMBY and argue that taking into account these limited prerogatives is indeed important. It is a political system in which an otherwise unitary state develops a federal relationship with a territorially, ethnically, or culturally distinct community while all the other parts of the state remain under unitary rule. In addition to the strong association between multinational democracies and federalism, the six longstanding democracies that score highest on an index of linguistic and ethnic diversity -- India, Canada, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, and the United States -- are all federal states. /Subtype /Form >> x�+T0T0 B��fd�� S� <> 48 0 obj /BBox [0 0 476.22 680.32] >> � ��thr�%!b�Ka��%��}��F�X��q�=C�aow*H��4ڮ��֐�ۮ[�c��,�:�� mq#��W��F�Wzl��2�"57_3�� LR�w�Qfi��a�2��G��8!�s�//�-7��/j W��*)zz:В��5~*��c��U$��*��?��8�um�E��U�1��g}8-�0��l�,�ٺL�M��8%52�h��@��Mq)�ܙR��J��"fl8 s�n^��X�,��Ч�e��/:j�Ѳ�ȗL/hK�dN��Z�P�k��Vw��[�2|qc2�3��e��4��2O.��>�� It is grounded in a clear distinction between 'federations', particular kinds of states, and 'federalism', the thinking that drives and promotes them. >> The greatest risk is that federal arrangements can offer opportunities for ethnic nationalists to mobilize their resources. >> /MediaBox [0 0 476.22 680.32] �J��YJD�.�f��(�]��4�UҖk��0�L[d��X��dp�^��i��ku9#�WLn��z��\��_��^��s��O24F��3L1K��#��Q��\ endstream endobj 63 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F2 /FirstChar 9 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 220 404 500 500 844 818 235 320 320 394 500 250 320 250 327 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 250 250 500 500 500 321 765 623 605 696 780 584 538 747 806 338 345 675 553 912 783 795 549 795 645 489 660 746 676 960 643 574 641 320 309 320 500 500 360 404 500 400 509 396 290 446 515 257 253 482 247 787 525 486 507 497 332 323 307 512 432 660 432 438 377 320 239 320 500 250 623 623 696 584 783 795 746 404 404 404 404 404 404 401 396 396 396 396 257 257 257 257 525 486 486 486 486 486 512 512 512 512 480 348 500 500 506 388 500 523 790 790 1100 360 360 0 850 795 0 500 0 0 500 512 0 0 0 0 0 332 387 0 585 486 321 220 500 0 500 0 0 378 378 1000 250 623 623 795 1012 729 500 1000 404 404 235 235 500 0 438 574 100 500 233 233 522 522 480 250 215 384 1144 623 584 623 584 584 338 338 338 338 795 795 0 795 746 746 746 257 360 360 360 360 360 360 360 360 360 360 ] /Encoding 64 0 R /BaseFont /AGaramond-Regular /FontDescriptor 65 0 R >> endobj 64 0 obj << /Type /Encoding /Differences [ 9 /space 39 /quotesingle 96 /grave 128 /Adieresis /Aring /Ccedilla /Eacute /Ntilde /Odieresis /Udieresis /aacute /agrave /acircumflex /adieresis /atilde /aring /ccedilla /eacute /egrave /ecircumflex /edieresis /iacute /igrave /icircumflex /idieresis /ntilde /oacute /ograve /ocircumflex /odieresis /otilde /uacute /ugrave /ucircumflex /udieresis /dagger /degree 164 /section /bullet /paragraph /germandbls /registered /copyright /trademark /acute /dieresis /notequal /AE /Oslash /infinity /plusminus /lessequal /greaterequal /yen /mu /partialdiff /summation /product /pi /integral /ordfeminine /ordmasculine /Omega /ae /oslash /questiondown /exclamdown /logicalnot /radical /florin /approxequal /Delta /guillemotleft /guillemotright /ellipsis /space /Agrave /Atilde /Otilde /OE /oe /endash /emdash /quotedblleft /quotedblright /quoteleft /quoteright /divide /lozenge /ydieresis /Ydieresis /fraction /currency /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright /fi /fl /daggerdbl /periodcentered /quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /perthousand /Acircumflex /Ecircumflex /Aacute /Edieresis /Egrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis /Igrave /Oacute /Ocircumflex /apple /Ograve /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Ugrave 246 /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent /ring /cedilla /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron ] >> endobj 65 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 720 /CapHeight 698 /Descent -270 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -183 -269 1099 851 ] /FontName /AGaramond-Regular /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 74 /XHeight 399 /FontFile 67 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /OP false /HT 68 0 R >> endobj 67 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 45606 /Length1 759 /Length2 44983 /Length3 0 >> stream